Antimicrobials, including antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, and antiparasitics, are medications typically used to prevent and treat infectious diseases in humans, animals, and plants. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) takes place when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites stop responding to antimicrobial medicines. Due to microbial drug resistance, antibiotics and other medicines become ineffective, making it difficult or impossible for care providers to treat the infections. This worsening situation often leads to an increased risk of disease transmission, severe illness, disability, and, in the worst case, death. As a result, the pharmaceutical industry is being pushed to come up with new and innovative AMR control strategies.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) usually occurs naturally over time due to genetic changes in pathogens. However, human interference can accelerate its emergence and spread, such as the misuse or overuse of antimicrobials to treat, prevent, or control infections in humans, animals, and plants.
Let’s explore in depth this rising global health threat and effective ways we can use to combat it.
The Rise Antimicrobial Resistance
The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that the AMR was directly responsible for 1.27 million global deaths and contributed to 4.95 million deaths around the world in 2019. Antimicrobial resistance is a rising public health concern worldwide. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics have played a central role in the emergence of superbugs, which are strains of bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics. These superbugs are becoming increasingly difficult to treat and a significant threat to global health.
If left unchecked, AMR could make common infections like pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and even minor skin wounds untreatable. This could lead to many essential healthcare solutions becoming ineffective, potentially increasing healthcare costs and prolonging hospital stays.
The Impact Of AMR – Beyond Healthcare Costs
The ramifications of globally prevailing AMR extend far beyond the healthcare sector. The economic impact of AMR is projected to be staggering, with an additional healthcare cost of $1 trillion by 2050, as reported by the WHO. The same report also outlines the fact that the yearly loss of $1 trillion to $3.4 trillion in gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030. This includes increased healthcare spending due to longer hospital stays, more expensive treatments, and the potential for new outbreaks.
Furthermore, AMR threatens the very foundation of modern medicine. Routine surgeries, cancer treatments, and even organ transplants rely on effective antibiotics to prevent post-operative infections. The prevailing AMR could render these procedures far riskier, threatening patient safety and limiting treatment options.
The societal consequences of a world with limited effective antibiotics are equally concerning. Imagine a scenario where immuno-compromised individuals or those with chronic conditions are constantly at risk of untreatable infections. The fear and anxiety associated with everyday activities could significantly impact the quality of life.
Combating AMR – A Multi-Pronged Approach
The good news is that we’re not completely powerless against AMR. Implementing effective AMR control strategies is crucial to fighting this growing threat. Here’s what needs to happen:
- Responsible Antibiotic Use: This is a cornerstone of AMR control. Both healthcare professionals and the public need to prioritize responsible antibiotic use. Doctors should only prescribe antibiotics when truly necessary, and patients must complete the full course of medication as prescribed, even if symptoms improve.
- Investing In Research & Development: With increasing disease complexities, the world is in dire need of new antibiotics. Increased investment in research and development of novel antibiotics and alternative therapies can be a central force in the battle against AMR.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating the public about the dangers of AMR and the importance of responsible antibiotic use is vital. Public health campaigns and other innovative ways can play an instrumental role in increasing awareness and changing patient behavior.
- Strengthening Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs: Hospitals and healthcare institutions play a critical role in curbing AMR through robust antimicrobial stewardship programs. These programs implement guidelines for appropriate antibiotic use, track resistance patterns, and educate healthcare professionals on best practices.
- Promoting Global Collaboration: AMR is a global challenge that requires a united front. International collaboration between governments, research institutions, and pharmaceutical companies is crucial to accelerate the development of new antibiotics and share best practices for AMR control.
The Role Patients Can Play In Combating AMR
While the challenges are big and complex, individual patients can make a real difference in combating AMR. Here’s how they can contribute:
Be An Informed Patient: When visiting a doctor, asking whether antibiotics are necessary for your condition is essential. Always stick to the prescribed dosage and complete the entire course of treatment, even if you feel better before it has ended.
Never Pressure A Doctor For Antibiotics: Don’t insist on antibiotics if the doctor feels they are not warranted. Trust their expertise and experience in determining the best course of treatment.
Complete The Full Course Of Antibiotics: Even if you start feeling better, always complete the entire course of medication as prescribed by the doctor. Stopping the medications early allows bacteria to develop resistance.
Practice Good Hygiene: Washing your hands frequently, maintaining a clean environment, and practicing safe food handling are essential to prevent infections in the first place.
Spread Awareness: Talk to family and friends about AMR. Share credible information and encourage responsible antibiotic use within the family and community.
These are basic but effective guidelines to contribute as patients toward the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance.
In Conclusion
AMR is a serious public health threat with potentially devastating consequences. However, providers and patients can mitigate this threat by working together, implementing effective AMR control strategies, and promoting responsible antibiotic use.
Remember, we are not powerless in this fight. By taking action in daily life and raising awareness, we can become champions for responsible antibiotic use, reduce the negative economic impact of AMR, and contribute to a healthier future for us and future generations.
Relatable Read: [Resilient Healthcare System – The Post-COVID-19 Story]
